![]() Studies have shown that qsi reflects the microstructure of tissues in vivo. In contrast to conventional DWI, qsi does not assume Gaussian distribution for the underlying probability density function (PDF) of water molecule diffusion. Q-space imaging (qsi) is a quantitative DWI approach that allows the detection of minor changes in the microstructure of environments wherein the movement of water is restricted. Hence, different approaches that are not based on Gaussian distribution are required to address all the issues affecting the signal in DWI. Diffusion signal is affected by numerous factors, including water restriction, water exchange, and variations in tissue compartment size. However, living tissue, including muscle fibers, have a restricted environment that obstructs the distribution of water molecules, and therefore, the distribution of water in muscle fibers is far from Gaussian distribution. Additionally, conventional DWI, including DTI, is based on the theory that water molecules follow Gaussian distribution. Conversely, this approach is not sensitive enough to detect slight differences between slow and fast muscle fibers, which have differences in cell size. Various factors, such as sex, muscle macro-morphological structure (parallel muscle or bipennate muscle), and age, can affect DTI values. ![]() In recent years, studies using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) for assessing muscles, especially diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), have been reported. Although biopsy may be used to assess the characteristics of muscles, no appropriate noninvasive method exists. In order to assess the changes in muscle fibers for monitoring the effects of strength training, it is important to assess the effects of waste syndrome involving aging and the effects of treatment. These changes are associated with MHC isoform compartment expression. The distribution of fast and slow muscle fibers is influenced by multiple factors, including neuromuscular activity and passive mechanical loading, aging, and hormonal balance. TA is mainly composed of fast muscle fibers, whereas SOL is mainly composed of slow muscle fibers. The tibialis anterior muscle (TA) and soleus muscle (SOL) have been widely used in physiological and pathological studies involving animals and humans. The types of muscle fibers are based on the myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform compartment and include one slow type (MHC I) and multiple fast types (MHC IIa, MHC IIb, MHC IId, and MHC IIx). Skeletal muscles are heterogeneous tissues that include slow and fast muscle fibers. This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products associated with this research to declare. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: Daisuke Nakashima and Yasushi Sera are directors of Grace imaging Inc. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: Data underlying the study are available from Dryad (DOI: 10.5061/dryad.pp56ck7).įunding: This study was funded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (17K10421) to Mr Junichi Hata and the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (JP17lm0203004j0001) to Dr. Received: SeptemAccepted: MaPublished: April 4, 2019Ĭopyright: © 2019 Hata et al. PLoS ONE 14(4):Įditor: Niels Bergsland, University at Buffalo, UNITED STATES ![]() (2019) Noninvasive technique to evaluate the muscle fiber characteristics using q-space imaging. Citation: Hata J, Nakashima D, Tsuji O, Fujiyoshi K, Yasutake K, Sera Y, et al.
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